GNSS

In good open-sky conditions, real-time kinematic solutions typically fall within 8–15 mm horizontally and 15–20 mm vertically. With post-processing and long baselines, you can often push horizontal accuracy below 5 mm. Actual numbers depend on the local ionosphere and multipath, so we usually run a short test deployment to fine-tune settings.

GNSS doesn't need line of sight and works day and night, which makes it preferable on large landslides or where a permanent setup is needed. Total stations can be more precise over short distances, but they require stable pillars and regular maintenance. Often projects mix both: GNSS gives absolute coordinates over time, and a total station fills in relative movements between nearby points.

Yes. Most Kingmach GNSS units output a standard NMEA stream, and we provide a data logger or gateway that can also accept analog or digital inputs from in-place inclinometers, piezometers, or weather stations. This allows a single IP address to serve all sensors at a monitoring location, which simplifies network setup.

The default output is raw observations (RINEX), computed positions, and a basic motion flag. Alerts can be set through a web dashboard or sent via email/SMS when displacement exceeds a user-defined threshold. We also support export to common formats like CSV, Leica DBX, and SQL databases for those who use third-party analysis software.

The receivers are built with IP67 enclosures and can operate from -30°C to 65°C. Solar panel and battery sizing is done per job, and we typically recommend enough capacity for 5–7 days without sun. In very remote areas, we've used Iridium satellite uplinks, though most sites rely on cellular. The units have survived winters in Chilean Andes and dust in Western Australia's iron ore region without failure.